The agreement is the new international framework to reduce emissions of greenhouse gases. It was adopted by more than 190 countries and territories at the UN climate conference in France last year.

The parameters of the framework say that it takes effect 30 days after more than 55 countries representing more than 55 percent of global emissions have ratified it. The requirements were met on October 5th.

The agreement aims to cut global emissions as quickly as possible and bring them to virtually zero in the latter half of this century.

Unlike the Kyoto Protocol, which mandated only advanced nations reduce emissions, the Paris Agreement covers all nations, including developing countries.

Each nation must submit reduction targets every 5 years and implement measures to achieve them.
The targets are up to each participant. Their commitment will be examined.

Delegates from around the world will gather in Morocco to begin this year's UN climate conference on Monday. They will discuss concrete rules to ensure emission cuts, including ways to verify whether nations have met their goals.

Parties to the Paris agreement will hold their first meeting on the sidelines of the conference. Japan will participate as an observer due to a delay in ratifying the agreement.

In August 2012, when Nadezhda Tolokonnikova, Maria Alyokhina, and Yekaterina Samutsevich were convicted and sentenced to two years in prison, they were more activists than musicians. Today, the same is true for Alyokhina and Samutsevich, while Tolokonnikova has leveraged her fame and good looks to remain in the spotlight, spending much of her time in the United States. Last month, she released three new political songs as “Pussy Riot.”

One of those tracks, an attack on Donald Trump that borrows his campaign slogan, “Make America Great Again,” is now enjoying viral success in the U.S. and around the world.

On Wednesday, Nov. 2, Tolokonnikova’s husband, Pyotr Verzilov, announced on Twitter that the song had topped Spotify’s “Viral 50” charts globally and in the United States. “It seems this is the first time in history that a Russian group has taken Spotify’s top spot,” he wrote.

Speaking in somewhat awkward English slang, Pussy Riot’s official Twitter account also celebrated the moment, tweeting, “Vagina gonna top the charts.”

In 2013, Spotify launched its “viral charts,” which the company describes as a “a new metric for a new age” to define successful music. Like traditional measures, the viral charts take into account the number of plays a song gets on Spotify, but they also consider what users do “after they discover a song.” To generate these charts, Spotify studies how often songs are shared and rated after people listen to them. It is in these categories that Tolokonnikova’s “Make America Great Again” has been so popular.

On social media, some have questioned how Pussy Riot managed to release a song that is more popular than tracks like Shakira’s “Chantaje” and Drake’s “Fake Love,” which currently enjoy the number two and three spots on the “Viral 50” global chart. “We believe the most exciting power of the chart is its ability to showcase unknown artists organically,” Spotify explained when it introduced its lists of viral songs.

Of Tolokonnikova’s new songs, the first release, “Straight Outta Vagina,” is actually the most viewed of the three on YouTube, where a colorful music video features women dancing around in pantyhose and exposed menstrual pads, men urinating decumbently while wearing high heels, and more. “Make America Great Again,” where Tolokonnikova’s character is tortured and ultimately murdered by a Trump-controlled U.S. police force, has 639,000 views — about 400,000 fewer than “Straight Outta Vagina.”

Jean-Marc Janaillac was appointed Air France chief executive in May
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The plan is a sign that Air France's new boss is determined to win back market share after years of painful job losses and clashes with trade unions.
But the SNPNC cabin crew union expressed concern that the new airline's staff would not have the same work benefits and would end up being "low cost" for its workers.
Air France plans for the new airline to have 10 long haul planes by 2020.
It will "constitute the group's response to the Gulf State airlines which are developing at low production costs", the firm said.