China's Tibet Autonomous Region is celebrating the 70th anniversary of peaceful liberation -- a turning point in the region's history -- as it starts a new journey of modernization after decades of leapfrog development.

With the peaceful liberation in 1951, the people of Tibet broke free from the fetters of invading imperialism for good, and embarked on a bright road of unity, progress and development.

In late July, Xi Jinping, general secretary of the Communist Party of China (CPC) Central Committee, Chinese president and chairman of the Central Military Commission, visited the region to extend congratulations on the occasion, the first time in the history of the Party and the country.

"It has been proved that without the CPC, there would have been neither New China nor new Tibet," Xi said during the visit. "The CPC Central Committee's guidelines and policies concerning Tibet work are completely correct."

Decorations for the Spring Festival and the Tibetan New Year are seen in front of the Potala Palace in Lhasa, capital of southwest China's Tibet Autonomous Region, Feb. 8, 2021. (Xinhua/Chogo)

Thubten Gyaltsen, 81, clearly remembers his miserable days in old Tibet and has witnessed the great transformation of the region.

"My parents were serfs and we could barely fill our stomach," he said.

In old Tibet, the three major stakeholders -- officials, aristocrats and higher-ranking lamas -- and their agents, made up about 5 percent of the population but owned almost all of the land and most of the livestock. Serfs and slaves had no means of production or freedom of their own and were subjected to exploitation and oppression.

In 1959, democratic reform was launched and feudal serfdom was finally abolished in Tibet. A million serfs and slaves were emancipated.

Now, Thubten Gyaltsen and his family live in a two-story house with 13 rooms and a garage in the city of Xigaze. Five in his family of six enjoy wages or pension.

"Our lives couldn't be happier, and we are experiencing a totally different world compared with the old days," Thubten Gyaltsen said.

Over the past 70 years, the central government has introduced many favorable policies for the region, covering tax and finance, infrastructure, industrial development, education, health, cultural preservation and environmental protection.

Since 1978, the CPC Central Committee has held seven national meetings on Tibet to adopt major decisions and plans for the region.

"We must make improving people's livelihoods and rallying public support the starting points and ultimate goals for economic and social development," said Xi at the seventh Central Symposium on Tibet Work in August 2020.

In 2020, the regional GDP exceeded 190 billion yuan (about 29.3 billion U.S. dollars). The per capita disposable income of rural residents in the region was 14,598 yuan, representing double-digit growth for the past 18 years, while that of urban residents came in at 41,156 yuan.

By the end of 2019, all registered poor residents in Tibet had shaken off poverty, marking the elimination of absolute poverty in the region for the first time in history.

In just a few decades, the CPC has united and led the people of all ethnic groups in Tibet to make unprecedented historical achievements. Tibet has progressed "from darkness to light, from backwardness to progress, from poverty to prosperity, from autocracy to democracy, from closure to opening up," said an editorial on Tibet slated to be published on the People's Daily on Thursday.

The social system in Tibet has achieved a historic leap, the economy and society have made all-round development, people's lives have been greatly improved, and the urban and rural areas are not what they used to be, the article added.

Efforts must be made to build a new, modern, socialist Tibet that is united, prosperous, culturally advanced, harmonious, and beautiful, Xi has said.

In the new era, under the strong leadership of the CPC Central Committee with Xi at the core and with the vigorous support of the whole country, Tibet has eradicated absolute poverty and achieved moderate prosperity in all aspects. People in the region enjoy a stable social environment, economic and cultural prosperity, a sound eco-environment, and lead better lives.

Tibet has also been increasing the level of specialization in production and boosting production efficiency. The comprehensive mechanization rate for growing staple crops has reached 65 percent. The region has established a comprehensive transport network of highways, railways, air routes and pipelines.

Stretching 1,956 km from Xining, capital of Qinghai Province, to Tibet's regional capital Lhasa, the Qinghai-Tibet Railway linking Tibet with the rest of the country opened in 2006. The Lhasa-Nyingchi railway, the region's first electrified railway, started official operation in June this year, with advanced Fuxing bullet trains running on it.

From 1951 to 2020, the central government invested 224 billion yuan in Tibet's education sector. The region now has a modern educational system that includes preschool, primary and middle schools, higher education institutions, as well as vocational and technical schools.

During his inspection tour in Tibet last month, Xi said people of all ethnic groups had jointly contributed to the development of Tibet and written the history of Tibet.

The continuous pairing-up support programs in Tibet from the rest of the country have facilitated Tibet's new industrialization, IT application, urbanization and agricultural modernization over the past few decades.

Zhang Honglin, who works with a leading egg producer in central China's Hubei Province, is playing his role in promoting agricultural modernization in Tibet. Last year, he set up a large egg production company in Shannan City of the region.

Zhang said that his company has brought advanced technology, equipment, management methods and experience to help the industry become competitive and maintain high-quality development. "We have also made many improvements based on Tibet's special plateau climate environment."

"Practice has fully proved that Tibet can enjoy a prosperous present and a bright future only by unswervingly upholding CPC leadership, socialism with Chinese characteristics, and the system of regional ethnic autonomy," said Zhuang Yan, deputy Party chief of the autonomous region. Enditem

The national committee on balanced urban and rural development and congestion and traffic issues, chaired by Prime Minister L.Oyun-Erdene, held its first meeting.

At the meeting, the committee’s secretary B.Odsuren presented the integrated program to solve congestion in Ulaanbaatar. He said, “In Ulaanbaatar, speed at capacity, which is 20-23 km/h in large cities around the world during peak hours, is 8 km/h. In other words, Ulaanbaatar has become one of the world’s most congested cities. It has become crucial to expand the road network, upgrade public transport, and make urban planning and legal changes,”

Roads in Ulaanbaatar have the capacity to carry 350 thousand vehicles. Expansion of the road network will allow the capacity to go to around 600 thousand. Many more underpasses are necessary for that, said the committee secretary. The number of public transport users has decreased from 60 percent to 40 percent in five years. It is estimated that 300 thousand vehicles will be imported over the next three years, which led the working group to conclude that traffic congestion cannot be reduced without a decrease in the number of vehicles. Officials also said the traffic issue cannot be solved without developing satellite cities in phases and easing congestion.

Following the working group’s report, Prime Minister L.Oyun-Erdene said, “The traffic problem has gone out of the hands of the Ministry of Road and Transport Development. There are around 500 thousand vehicles in Ulaanbaatar, which means the road network’s capacity has been exceeded by 150 thousand vehicles. The number of vehicles purchased per year is around 80-90 thousand,” instructing the working group to look into and report back on a number of matters including possibilities to partner with the private sector in public transport management, what solutions can be made to adopt a strategy for cycling and walking, and ways and possibilities to support traffic congestion initiatives as well as colleges and universities that decide to relocate out of the city and impose restrictions on the import of right-hand drive vehicles.

Mining is nothing new in Mongolia, but it was not until the 1990s, and the transition of the country to a free-market democracy, that the industry was opened up to foreign investment.

The famous Oyu Tolgoi property in the country, operated by London-listed major Rio Tinto (LON:RIO), is one of the largest copper and gold mines in the world, in which the Mongolian government also owns a 34% stake. Also, the Mongolian economy is growing rapidly and the government knows that mining is key to sustaining growth. The country's mineral riches are valued at between US$1 trillion and US$3 trillion across coal, copper and gold.

Against this backdrop, Steppe Gold Ltd (TSE:STGO) (OTCMKTS:STPGF) (FRA:2J9) began producing gold at its flagship Altan Tsaagan Ovoo (ATO) mine in the country in March 2020.

The ATO mine was built in just 14 months with less than US$20 million of capex and is now ramping up output. The firm is now bidding to expand production via a Phase 2 sulphide project, which will see it mine fresh rock ores to generate 150,000 ounces equivalent a year from 2023.

Steppe also has the Mungu gold and silver project, which lies northeast of the current resource at ATO and is a structurally controlled epithermal gold-silver system with localized bonanza grades. In addition, it holds the Uudam Khundii (UK) gold project, which is an 80:20 joint venture between Steppe and the Bayankhongor provincial government.

How is it doing:

In August 2021, Steppe said the first six months of the year had been busy, following several coronavirus (COVID-19) related supply chain challenges in 2020.

It said it plans to have a newly installed fixed crushing unit operational by October this year at the flagship ATO Gold mine, which is expected to have a capacity of 1,000 tonnes per hour (t/hr), which is more than three times the current crusher capacity. The company ceased leaching (but continued stacking) at ATO in early July this year due to issues surrounding cyanide supply.

To date, there is 1.6 million tonnes stacked on the leach pad and a further 450,000 tonnes on the ROM pad, adding to Steppe’s "strong gold and silver inventory build-up through the year."

Gold production in the three months to June 30, 2021 came in at 7,202 ounces (oz) and 762 ounces silver. Despite output being lower than projected, Steppe had said it was confident that with reagent supply resumed it will still finish the year strongly.

Steppe revealed that the Definitive Feasibility Study for the fresh rock expansion was nearing completion and Steppe expects to release headline numbers in the upcoming weeks with the final report to be filed shortly thereafter.

And in February this year, Steppe hit a key milestone at its ATO operation, with the release of an updated resource estimate that nearly doubled the ounces in the deposit. The measured and indicated (M&I) resources increased to 41.6 million tonnes, or 2.2 million ounces, at an average grade of 1.7 grams per tonne (g/t) gold equivalent ounces – 1.4 million gold ounces and 20.5 million silver ounces.

That doubled the amount of resources represented at the ATO Gold Mine to 2.45 million ounces of gold equivalent, up from 1.2 million ounces in the previous resource statement.

According to the company, the increase in the M&I resource was due primarily to significant expansion through drilling at the ATO 4 Deposit and incorporation of a maiden resource at the Mungu deposit. The ATO 4 Deposit, where mining recently started, shows an M&I resource of 15.7 million tons at 1.6 g/t for a total of 819,000 gold equivalent ounces, while the maiden resource at the Mungu discovery shows an M&I resource of 7.6 million tonnes at 1.7 g/t for 424,000 gold equivalent ounces.

In July this year, Steppe Gold said it received permission to cross-list on the Mongolian Stock Exchange in a move that will allow more Mongolian investors to trade in its shares.

Following the approval by the Financial Regulatory Commission of Mongolia, the gold mining company said it planned to raise 5 billion Mongolian tögrög (C$2.2 million). Proceeds of the placement will be used for the Phase 2 expansion of its flagship ATO gold mine, it said.

Inflection points:

New crusher in place

Completion of bankable feasibility and project financing for expansion at ATO

Uplift in output from ATO

What the broker says:

In August, Stifel GMP repeated a 'Buy' recommendation on Mongolia-focused producer Steppe Gold Limited (TSX:STGO, OTCQX:STPGF) following the miner's second-quarter results.

Analysts at the brokerage said they were looking forward to the results of the second phase feasibility study into expanding the group's flagship producing ATO project and the restart of leaching there. They also noted that the first results from exploration drilling at the company's Uudam Khundii (UK) property are ahead.

Gold production in the three months to June 30, 2021 came in at 7,202 ounces (oz) and 762 ounces silver, which was below Stifel's estimates for 9,700 oz gold and 4,100 oz of silver. The broker added it had "tempered" its near-term production expectations for the ATO mine to 14,000 oz gold for 2021 and 25,000 oz for 2022.

"The company has indicated that the Feasibility Study for the fresh rock expansion at ATO is nearly finished and is set to release key highlights in the coming weeks," analysts added.

"We have adjusted our model following discussions with management and have increased our initial capex to $125m, adjusted our throughput rate to 6,200 tpd (from 6,800 tpd) and increased our operating unit cost by 12% to $53/t processed," they said of the expansion project.

"This puts our model for the sulphides at 110koz/yr with a total cash cost of $1,125/oz (GEO basis). We have also pushed out the anticipated start of commercial production to Q4, 2023 given the ongoing logistical issues," they added.

Stifel repeated a 'Buy' on the stock but reduced the target price to C$2 a share (from C$3.70 previously) as a result of the broker's reduced net asset value (NAV).

What the boss says:

"While we are glad to report zero COVID cases at our mine site and uninterrupted mining activities through the first half of 2021, the pandemic continues to cause delays in our supply chain," said CEO of Steppe Gold, Bataa Tumur-Ochir in a corporate update on August 10, 2021.

"These issues are impacting most operating mining companies in Mongolia but we are optimistic that the China border issues will be resolved soon and we are working on contingency planning for further delays.

"On a positive note, our mining and stacking has continued at or near planned rates and grade reconciliation remains above budget. We now have over 2mm tonnes mined or around 50% of the planned leach pad tonnage, with approximately 34,000 oz of gold in inventory. Together with net cash of approximately $10m, this provides strong support to our liquidity position and our balance sheet," he added.

"We are also very excited to shortly announce the definitive feasibility study for our fresh rock expansion, following on from the very strong resource update released earlier this year. With heap leach production back on track soon, a new crusher to ramp up the stacking rate, and a positive new study for our fresh rock phase, we are very excited for the future."

The Ministry of Health today, August 25, has reported that 2,433 new coronavirus cases were detected in the past 24 hours after tests were carried out at PCR laboratories across the country.

In specific, 850 new cases were confirmed in Ulaanbaatar city with 1,552 cases in rural regions and 31 imported cases. As a result, the nationwide infection tally is now 193,279. The Ministry also reported six COVID-19 related deaths, raising the country's death toll to 913.

Of a total of 11,592 patients currently undergoing treatment at hospitals, there are 6,772 patients in mild, 3,686 in serious, 947 in critical, and 187 in very critical conditions.

As of today, August 25, a total of 2,067,391 people have received the second dose of vaccines against COVID-19, equal to 63.5 percent of the total population of Mongolia.

As the prevalence of the SARS-CoV-2 Delta variant is rising sharply across the country, the Ministry of Health urges elders, unvaccinated people, and people with chronic disease as well as children under 12 to stay at home.

In the world’s high mountain regions, life needs ice. From the Rockies to the Himalayas, glaciers and other accumulations of snow and ice persist throughout the year. Often found on shaded slopes protected from the sun, these ice patches transform barren peaks into biological hot spots.

As an archaeologist, I value these snow and ice patches for the rare peek they can provide back in time through the fog of alpine prehistory. When people lose objects in the ice, ice patches act as natural deep-freezers. For thousands of years, they can store snapshots of the culture, daily life, technology and behavior of the people who created these artifacts.

Frozen heritage is melting from mountain ice in every hemisphere. As it does so, small groups of archaeologists are scrambling to cobble together the funding and staffing needed to identify, recover and study these objects before they are gone.

Alongside a group of scholars from the University of Colorado, the National Museum of Mongolia and partners from around the world, I’m working to identify, analyze and preserve ancient materials emerging from the ice in the grassy steppes of Mongolia, where such discoveries have a tremendous impact on how scientists understand the past.

Life at the ice’s edge

During the warm summer months, unique plants thrive at the well-watered margins of ice patches. Large animals such as caribou, elk, sheep and even bison seek the ice to cool off or escape from insects.

Because ice patches are predictable sources of these plants and animals, as well as fresh water, they are important to the subsistence of nearby people nearly everywhere they’re found. In the dry steppes of Mongolia, meltwater from mountain ice feeds summer pastures, and domestic reindeer seek out the ice in much the same way as their wild counterparts. Climate warming aside, ice margins act as magnets for people — and repositories of the materials they leave behind.

It’s not just their biological and cultural significance that makes ice patches important tools for understanding the past. The tangible objects made and used by early hunters or herders in many mountainous regions were constructed from soft, organic materials. These fragile objects rarely survive erosion, weather and exposure to the severe elements that are common in alpine areas. If discarded or lost in the ice, though, items that would otherwise degrade can be preserved for centuries in deep-freeze conditions.

But high mountains experience extreme weather and are often far from urban centers where modern researchers are concentrated. For these reasons, significant contributions by mountain residents to the human story are sometimes left out of the archaeological record.

For example, in Mongolia, the high mountains of the Altai hosted the region’s oldest pastoral societies. But these cultures are known only through a small handful of burials and the ruins of a few windswept stone buildings.

More

artifacts are melting out of the ice

One of our discoveries was a finely woven piece of animal hair rope from a melting mountaintop ice patch in western Mongolia. On survey, we spotted it lying among the rocks exposed at the edge of the retreating ice. The artifact, which may have been part of a bridle or harness, appeared as though it might have been dropped in the ice the just day before — our guides even recognized the technique of traditional manufacture. However, scientific radiocarbon dating revealed that the artifact is actually more than 1,500 years old.

Objects like these provide rare clues about daily life among the ancient herders of western Mongolia. Their excellent preservation allows us to perform advanced analyses back in the lab to reconstruct the materials and choices of the early herding cultures that eventually gave rise to pan-Eurasian empires like the Xiongnu and the Great Mongol Empire.

For example, scanning electron microscopy allowed to us to pinpoint that camel hair was chosen as a fiber for making this rope bridle, while collagen preserved within ancient sinew revealed that deer tissue was used to haft a Bronze Age arrowhead to its shaft.

Sometimes, the objects that emerge end up overturning some of archaeologists’ most basic assumptions about the past. People in the region have long been classified as herding societies, but my colleagues and I found that Mongolian glaciers and ice patches also contained hunting artifacts, like spears and arrows, and skeletal remains of big game animals like argali sheep spanning a period of more than three millennia. These finds demonstrate that big game hunting on mountain ice has been an essential part of pastoral subsistence and culture in the Altai Mountains for thousands of years.

But the clock is ticking. The summer of 2021 is shaping up to be one of the hottest ever recorded, as scorching summer temperatures fry the rainforests of the Pacific Northwest and wildfires ravage the Siberian Arctic. The impact of escalating temperatures is particularly severe in the world’s cold regions.

In the area my colleagues and I study in western Mongolia, satellite photos show that more than 40% of the surface cover of ice has been lost over the past three decades. After each artifact is exposed by the melting ice, it may have only a limited window of time for recovery by scientists before it is damaged, degraded or lost because of the combination of freezing, thawing, weather and glacial activity that can affect previously frozen artifacts.

Because of the scale of modern climate change, it’s difficult to quantify how much material is being lost. Many of the high mountains of Central and South Asia have never been systematically surveyed for melting artifacts. In addition, many international projects have been unable to proceed since summer 2019 because of the COVID-19 pandemic — which has also prompted reductions, pay cuts and even complete closures of archaeology departments at leading universities.

Revealed by warming, providing climate clues

Ice patch artifacts are irreplaceable scientific datasets that can also help researchers characterize ancient responses to climate change and understand how modern warming may affect today’s world.

In addition to human-made artifacts left behind in the snow, ice patches also preserve “ecofacts” — natural materials that trace important ecological changes, like shifting tree lines or changing animal habitats. By collecting and interpreting these datasets along with artifacts from the ice, scientists can gather insights into how people adapted to significant ecological changes in the past, and maybe expand the toolkit for facing the 21st-century climate crisis.

Meanwhile, the plant, animal and human communities that depend on dwindling ice patches are also imperiled. In northern Mongolia, my work shows that summer ice loss is harming the health of domestic reindeer. Local herders worry about the impact of ice loss on pasture viability. Melting ice also converges with other environmental changes: In western Mongolia, animal populations have dramatically dwindled because of poaching and poorly regulated tourism hunting.

As soaring heat exposes artifacts that provide insights into ancient climate resilience and other important scientific data, the ice loss itself is reducing humanity’s resilience for the years ahead.

Rio Tinto and Sumitomo Corporation announced on Tuesday they will jointly study the construction of a hydrogen pilot plant at Rio’s Yarwun alumina refinery in Gladstone, Australia.

Sumitomo had already been carrying out studies into building a hydrogen plant but hadn’t chosen a location. Rio, in turn, recently started a feasibility study into replacing natural gas with hydrogen in the alumina refining process.

If the partners choose to proceed, the pilot plant would produce hydrogen for the Japanese miner’s Gladstone Hydrogen Ecosystem project, announced in March, which is also located in Queensland’s Gladstone, a traditional coal and gas hub.

Green hydrogen — produced by stripping the gas from water using electrolyzers powered by wind and solar — is seen as key to eliminating carbon emissions from the industrial sector.

Most Australian mines are already transitioning to renewable power and either turning to or expanding their electric vehicles fleets. Hydrogen is the next frontier.

“Reducing the carbon intensity of our alumina production will be key to meeting our 2030 and 2050 climate targets,” Rio Tinto Australia chief executive Kellie Parker said in the statement. “There is clearly more work to be done, but partnerships and projects like this are an important part of helping us get there.”

Energy hungry regions, particularly north-east Asia and Europe, lack the natural resources to generate large scale clean energy. This is particularly true in Japan, where nuclear energy has become politically and practically toxic.

The answer, as the country has very publicly committed to, is to transition to 100% green ammonia, which is the demand the growing number of large-scale green hydrogen projects in Australia are looking to meet.

The first meeting of the National Committee in charge of stimulating the economy amid the pandemic, increasing export, promoting import-substitute national manufacturing, strengthening public-private partnership and increasing investment took place in August 24.

The committee is chaired by Prime Minister of Mongolia L.Oyun-Erdene. At the beginning of the meeting the Prime Minister said, “Stimulating the post-pandemic economy is not an easy task. Thus, there is a necessity to quickly carry out works. The government has been mainly focusing on acquiring COVID-19 vaccines, launching immunization works, reopening the economy in phases, and keeping jobs within the first 100 days after the new government’s formation. By the 200th day of its formation, we were able to immunize 60 percent of the country’s population. We also fulfilled the objective to reopen the economy, allowing normal operations. In order to stimulate our economy, a National Committee has been established with the participation of representatives from each sector. With the establishment of this committee, a bill on economic recovery during the pandemic will be drafted.”

Representatives of public and private sector put forth suggestions for measures to be taken on recovering the economy. In particular, President of the Mongolian National Chamber of Commerce and Industry (MNCCI) O.Amartuvshin has submitted suggestions and proposals received from entities in the private sector to the working group in charge of developing the bill.

During the meeting, Director-General of Erdenet Mining Corporation (EMC) state-owned enterprise highlighted that the corporation has had a sales revenue of MNT 2.2 trillion this year. “We have developed plans for the current pandemic situation as well as for the post-pandemic condition. By enhancing management, it is estimated that our mining corporation will earn MNT 5.8 trillion in income by 2024, reaching MNT 12 trillion by 2028. We plan to increase export by USD 150 million in 2024 by further developing our current structure and organization,” said the EMC Director-General.

Following the comments of the members of the National Committee, the Prime Minister gave a number of instructions. More specifically, the Committee will be setting up a working group to develop a quarterly plan to overcome the pandemic economy, draft a bill regarding the matter, and receive suggestions from foreign investors and the private sector.

At today’s Cabinet meeting, the current nationwide regime of heightened state of readiness - the Orange Level of regulations has been extended until December 31.

More specifically, the Orange Level of regulations that are currently in place is due to expire on August 31, but the domestic transmission of the Delta variant as well as the high risk for imported cases of the Beta, Gamma, and Delta variants has spurred calls to extend it. In connection with the decision, the current restrictions in place for all border checkpoints except for Chinggis Khaan air border crossing point have been extended until the end of the year.

Under the Orange Level of restrictions, the current way of operations will continue to be allowed, with no strict lockdowns imposed.

Minister of Foreign Affairs of Mongolia B.Battsetseg has held a telephone conversation with Minister of State of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and International Cooperation of the United Arab Emirates Ahmed Bin Ali Al Sayegh and exchanged views on bilateral relations and cooperation.

Expressing satisfaction with the development of friendly relations and cooperation between Mongolia and the UAE, and noting that 2021 marks the 25th anniversary of the establishment of diplomatic relations between the two countries, Minister B.Battsetseg said that Mongolia is actively working to open its embassy in Abu Dhabi. She also thanked the Government of the UAE for the successful implementation of the project to build three kindergartens which was realized within the UAE’s non-refundable aid, while expressing confidence that they will make a valuable contribution to the future of the country's children.

Minister of State Ahmed Bin Ali Al Sayegh expressed his commitment to expand the bilateral cooperation, emphasizing the importance of having a double taxation agreement which will have a significant impact on enhancing trade and economic cooperation. The sides agreed to meet in person during the UN General Assembly which will be held in September.

The Civil Aviation Authority of Mongolia (MCAA) introduced the international flights scheduled for October.

“In the month of October, 37 international flights are planned to be conducted. However, the flight times of some flights may change due to works carried out in accordance with infection prevention guidelines,” reported the MCAA.

Citizens who want to buy a ticket in accordance with the approved flight schedules should directly contact the airline carriers.

While 37 international flights are scheduled for October, a total of 29 flights are scheduled for September. As of currently, international flights are being conducted to the following cities:

• Seoul - MIAT Mongolian Airlines, Korean Air, Asiana Airlines,

• Frankfurt - MIAT Mongolian Airlines,

• Tokyo - MIAT Mongolian Airlines,

• Almaty - Hunnu Air,

• Istanbul - Turkish Airlines,

• Nur Sultan - Hunnu Air.