An energy black hole? The dirty truth about bitcoin mining www.rt.com

Bitcoin and crypto miners do consume vast amounts of power, but how much power do they really use, and are they actually a big burden on the grid?
For some crypto buffs, critics who squawk at the vast amounts of energy supposedly consumed by crypto mining and how it contributes to climate change are little more than churlish, pedantic party poopers.

In one camp are the PoW (Proof-of-Work) maximalists who argue that bitcoin is the “most secure public chain” as measured by hashrate, but denying that bitcoin is an energy hog.

In the other camp are crypto apologists (such as CoinShare) who concede that bitcoin and crypto mining are indeed power-hungry processes, but immediately go on the defensive by claiming that most of the energy is derived from renewable sources.

You probably already know where this is going. The long and short of it: bitcoin and crypto mining do consume vast amounts of power, as we shall see shortly.

Securing crypto networks is costly
By necessity, the most secure cryptographic networks such as bitcoin and ethereum are also the most energy intensive since they rely on heavy resource consumption to defend their networks from malicious attackers. PoW projects, like bitcoin, rely on mining to secure their blockchains and require the hashing power to continue even after every coin has been mined. Less resource-intensive networks do not employ such rigorous processes and are, consequently, almost certainly less secure.

Mineable coins belong to the PoW category, of which CoinMarketCap lists a total of 581. These are the main culprits as far as energy guzzling is concerned. Non-mineable coins such as Ripple, EOS, Stellar, Tezos, NEO and NEM are more energy efficient as they don’t require tons of energy to validate transactions and secure the network as their PoW brethren.

And now to the million-dollar question: how much energy does bitcoin and crypto mining suck off our power grids every year?

Figures of sub-10 TWh per year have been thrown about, with this miner placing it at a relatively tame 2.85TWh/year at the lower bound and 6.78TWh/ year at the upper bound, depending on the efficiency of the mining rigs. That was 2.5 years ago, and since then more efficient rigs have hit the market while mining activity has also increased quite dramatically. These two trends have opposite effects on overall costs, so we cannot be sure what data this methodology would yield currently.

A June issue of energy magazine Joule estimated it at 45.1TWh/year, or about 0.2 percent of all global electricity produced, with a carbon footprint at 22.0 to 22.9 MtCO2.

Digiconomist uses the portion of mining revenues spent on electricity costs to estimate power consumption. Using this method, the organization estimates current consumption at 73.1 TWh/year.

Those figures, though, could be highly conservative and the real thing could be in the ballpark of 160TWh/year as per the Cambridge Bitcoin Electricity Consumption Index, the latest tool of its kind to emerge in the space. That’s about 0.6 percent of global electricity production and enough to power Switzerland for two years with some change. The carbon footprint is ginormous, too--34.7 Mt CO2 per year, comparable to the carbon footprint of Denmark.

It’s worth noting that Cambridge’s estimated consumption of 76.3 TWh/year tallies favorably with Digiconomist’s figure, which works out to ~0.3 percent of global electricity output. These sources were chosen not least because Digiconomist seems to have been validated by Cambridge and possibly won a long-running diatribe against Marc Bevand (publisher of the 2017 estimates) regarding whose methodology is more accurate.

Both Digiconomist and CBECI can also be used for prognostication for future estimates.

Mind you, that’s bitcoin only--not counting power consumption and carbon footprint of altcoins such as bitcoin cash, ethereum, litecoin and monero among others.

Unfortunately, we don’t have much recourse here. Digiconomist only provides bitcoin and ethereum energy consumption estimates while CBECI only does it for bitcoin. According to the firm, ethereum’s energy footprint has declined from an all-time high of 21TWh/year in July 2018 to 7.7 TWh/year currently.

That’s only a tenth of what bitcoin guzzles up.

It’s possible to estimate the energy consumption of other altcoins by checking out their hash rates and making assumptions about the type of mining rigs deployed and their respective efficiencies. However, those figures could be wildly off the mark as we have seen with Bevand’s estimates.

Considering that bitcoin’s dominance has climbed from 50 percent of all cryptocurrency (market cap) over the past year to 67 percent currently, you can bet this is where the vast majority of mining action is taking place. As very rough back-of-napkin math, it’s logical to estimate that bitcoin and ethereum mining account for ~80 percent of crypto mining energy, with other cryptos sharing the rest.

That would place total energy by cryptocurrency mining at ~100TWh/year. Even with more efficient rigs being constantly pressed into action, electricity costs will hover ~60 percent of mining revenue over the long-term according to some estimates, meaning energy consumption by crypto mining will only continue to climb in the foreseeable future. Emerging mining technologies like merged mining, however, could possibly mitigate some of that.

Regarding CoinShare’s bold claim that the bitcoin network sources nearly three quarters of its energy from renewable sources, the actual figure is closer to 28 percent.

Science and technological park of livestock industry to be established www.montsame.mn

Ulaanbaatar /MONTSAME/. At its meeting held on October 9, the Cabinet resolved to establish a national scientific, industrial and technological park of livestock husbandry and to formulate technical and economic feasibility study through public private partnership. The establishment of the park is designed for supporting herders and cooperatives in the livestock industry, increasing their incomes and provide them with jobs.

Infrastructure development works of oil refinery completed www.montsame.mn

Construction works of 27 km branch line to be used for transporting equipment and devices and goods from Sainshand railway station to oil refinery, 17 km long auto road with a heavy load carrying capacity and 110 kWt power transmission line have been completed within scheduled period and handed over to the State Commission on October 8.

CO detectors to be installed in 220 thousand homes of Ger districts in UB www.montsame.mn

Ulaanbaatar /MONTSAME/. On October 9, the Cabinet assigned Ulaanbaatar city Mayor S.Amarsaikhan to manage installation work of carbon monoxide detector in 220 thousand Ger district houses in Ulaanbaatar city before November 1. High-quality CO alarm at affordable price will be installed for free the first time. Government’s National Committee on Air Pollution Reduction will fund the required around MNT 6 billion to purchase the detectors.

Charges in Mongolia LGBT attack hint at changing attitudes www.aljazeera.com

Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia - Last month, Bosoo Khukh Mongol, a far-right Mongolian nationalist group, teamed up with a local television station to lure a transgender sex worker into a hotel room.

In the room, they threatened her with physical violence and forced her to describe her work on camera.

The video was aired on the evening news and posted on Bosoo Khukh Mongol's Facebook page, alongside incendiary commentary accusing the LGBT community of paedophilia, spreading disease and compromising national security.

Gay and transgender people continue to be the target of harassment and violence in Mongolia, although some progress has been made in recent years.

In 2017, changes were made to the law to provide more protections for the LGBT community as well as better training for law enforcement officials on hate crimes and preventing and prosecuting them.

"Previously, Mongolians had limited knowledge about acceptance of LGBT rights and dignity," said Tamir Chultemsuren, a political sociologist with the Independent Research Institute of Mongolia, "but now, people have more information... and so general public awareness has improved."

Educating authorities on hate crimes
The LGBT Center, a Mongolian NGO, began training the police on hate crimes and the implications of the 2017 criminal code after they failed to take action against an officer who assaulted a detained transgender woman.

They have since trained more than 500 police officers, prosecutors, and judges.

Now, the Mongolian police force has guidelines for processing transgender individuals: In police custody, transgender individuals are treated according to the gender they identify as, regardless of their state-issued identification.

"Compared with 2017, I see an improvement, especially from the Crime and Investigation Division," said Baldangombo Altangerel, the LGBT Center’s legal director who was responsible for overseeing the police training programme.

Following Bosoo Khukh Mongol's harassment of the transgender women last month, the Human Rights Commission of Mongolia submitted a formal request to the police to investigate the incident under the new criminal code.

Mongolian police told Al Jazeera they are investigating the case as a hate crime and, in late September, they brought formal charges against Bosoo Khukh Mongol leader, Gankhuyag Ganzorig. They have not taken action against the TV station.

The woman, who prefers to remain anonymous, has worked with the police and is being treated as a victim, a sign of progress as historically, rape and sexual violence against Mongolia’s LGBT community have not been prosecuted.

Growing support
The LGBT Center has been surprised by public reaction to the incident.

Kenna, Youth Programme manager for the LGBT Center, said people had posted messages of support on its social media page.

"I’ve noticed that people speaking up for LGBT rights has increased," Kenna said, "People are starting to know about the criminal code, anti-discrimination."

In October 2018, Kenna launched the Mongolian Queer Podcast, a well-received podcast which recently completed its third season.

The podcast focuses on providing advice and support, profiling those who are already out and proud to highlight their experiences for others in the community as well as non-LGBT people to underline social support and acceptance.

In 2014, Mongolia's first pride parade was held with only 15 participants; in August of this year, an estimated 250 took part.

On the weekends in the capital Ulaanbaatar, D.D./H.Z., Mongolia’s first gay bar, is busy. Zorig Alima, the owner, says his clientele has increased since police raids on the bar stopped after the implementation of the new criminal code.

And his is no longer the only bar in town, with as many as four new places opening in recent years.

Discrimination
While Mongolia’s new criminal code has given gender and sexual minorities more protection from hate crimes, Baldangombo says more needs to be done to help them integrate into society.

A 2014 report from the United Nations Development Programme found that a Mongolian from a gender or sexual minority was more likely to be unemployed and that an LGBT person's perceived risk of falling into poverty doubled when they lived openly.

The situation is even more difficult for Mongolia’s transgender population because they can only change their gender on state-issued identification documents after undergoing gender reassignment surgery, which is not available in the country. As a result, they often risk being discriminated against upon submitting their paperwork for employment.

Many transgender people go into sex work - illegal in Mongolia - when they are unable to access formal employment, putting themselves at risk of being harassed or arrested.

Marta Sukh-Ochir, a transgender woman who once worked alongside the woman attacked by Bosoo Khukh Mongol, told Al Jazeera she took up sex work after her family kicked her out and she couldn’t afford food or a home.

"I actively looked for other jobs, cashier at a supermarket, receptionist at a hotel, shop assistant...I tried many times, she said. I applied to so many jobs. My gender expression, my appearance - how I looked with long hair, nails, being and acting feminine - was a struggle for employers."

Sukh-Ochir fled Mongolia as a refugee but still worries for the safety of her friend and transgender people back in her homeland.

While life is gradually improving for Mongolia's LGBT community, there are still a number of hurdles to overcome.

Foreign trade surplus reaches USD 1 billion 347.2 million www.montsame.mn

Ulaanbaatar /MONTSAME/. As for the first nine months, Mongolian foreign trade had surplus of USD 1 billion 347.2 million according to Mongolian Customs General Administration (MCGA).

CNA's new documentary show explores Mongolia's role on Belt and Road Initiative www.montsame.mn

Ulaanbaatar /MOTSAME/ Channel News Asia TV (CNA), English language news channel based in Singapore, has recently released a new episode 'Dragon at The Doorstep' of its documentary series titled ‘The New Silk Road: Road to Russia’.

Exploring Mongolia with Snow Leopard Champion Bayarjargal Agvaantseren www.goldmanprize.org

This is a guest blog by Program Officer Lindsey Freedman, who shares series of photos from her visit to Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia, to meet 2019 Prize winner Bayarjargal Agvaantseren. Agvaantseren helped create the 1.8 million-acre Tost Tosonbumba Nature Reserve in the South Gobi Desert—a critical habitat for the vulnerable snow leopard—then succeeded in persuading the Mongolian government to cancel all mining licenses within the reserve.

As a native Californian, my idea of cold is anything below 40 degrees Fahrenheit. So, when I stepped off the plane on a cold January night in Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia, I had to check to make sure my eyeballs hadn’t frozen in their sockets. It was minus 34 degrees. It felt like I was inhaling icy daggers instead of oxygen. I’d been obsessively checking the weather before I left on my trip to meet 2019 Prize winner Bayara Agvaantseren, but had ultimately given up trying to anticipate temperature swings and just packed all of my warm gear. All of it. Which meant that I ended up looking like the Michelin man and abandoned any dreams of making it into the pages of fashion magazines.

Despite the cold, being able to finally meet Bayara and spend time with this amazing activist was one of the highlights of my career. I knew from my research that her steely determination had earned her the nickname “The Iron Lady.” Soft-spoken and polite, at first I didn’t quite understand where the nickname had come from. But after visiting the Snow Leopard Conservation Foundation’s office and listening to Bayara explain, in incredible detail, their work and the grave threats that Mongolia’s snow leopards are facing, it became immediately clear to me how she earned such a powerful moniker. I was lucky enough to see camera trap footage of snow leopards and was impressed by how the staff of SLCF could identify individual cats based on their spots (they all looked pretty similar to me!). I also learned that a large mural of a snow leopard painted on the wall outside of the office was not commissioned by Bayara, but instead had just…appeared one day.

Getting to the 1.8 million-acre Tost Tosonbumba Nature Reserve—which Bayara created specifically for snow leopards—in the South Gobi Desert is an arduous, several-day journey by car that unfortunately was impossible to make, due both to weather and time constraints. However, Bayara was an excellent host while I was in Ulaanbaatar, and we had a great time visiting the Genghis Khan museum on the outskirts of the capital. We also rode Bactrian camels, which were surprisingly smooth and not unlike riding atop a big, hairy sofa.

Mongolia is an immense country replete with natural resources, but those same resources are the primary drivers of devastating environmental degradation that directly threatens the snow leopard and its habitat. Bayara’s work to protect the world’s second largest population of snow leopards from extinction is all the more impressive given the challenges she’s facing. It was an honor to spend time with Bayara, and I will definitely return to Mongolia to help SLCF staff set camera traps in the mountains—but, next time, I’m going in the spring.

Mongolia sends samples of processed fuel abroad after six people die www.xinhuanet.com

ULAN BATOR, Oct. 8 (Xinhua) -- Mongolia has sent samples of the processed fuel abroad for further laboratory tests after a total of six people died and dozens of people have been hospitalized here since last week due to allegedly burning processed coal to keep warm, local officials said.

India offers $ 236 mn additional credit to Mongolia for building oil refinery: Pradhan www.thehindubusinessline.com

India has offered an additional $ 236 million credit to Mongolia for setting up a 1.5 million tonne per annum oil refinery in that country.