BoM raises interest rate to 11 percent following IMF mission www.zgm.mn

Yesterday, the Monetary Policy Committee of the Bank of Mongolia (BoM) held an irregular meeting almost a month before schedule and decided to increase the interest rate by 1 percent, to 11 percent. Analysts highlighted that the sudden change in interest rate was driven by external factors and suggestions of International Monetary Fund (IMF) mission.

Erdenes Tavan Tolgoi IPO introduced internationally www.montsame.mn

Ulaanbaatar /MONTSAME/. Representatives of Erdenes Tavan Tolgoi (ETT) JSC attended the 7th MINEX Eurasia Mining and Investment Forum that took place in London.

National Innovation Prize presented www.montsame.mn

Ulaanbaatar /MONTSAME/ The National Innovation Prize was awarded to VetBioTech start-up and ITools companies in recognition of their contributions to the social and economic development of Mongolia, meeting world standards and improving competitiveness of the country.

Alibaba's Jack Ma is a Communist Party member, China state paper reveals www.reuters.com

SHANGHAI (Reuters) - Jack Ma, the head of e-commerce giant Alibaba Group Holding Ltd and China’s best-known capitalist, is a Communist Party member, the official Party newspaper said on Monday, debunking a public assumption the billionaire was politically unattached.

China defends holding fugitive businessman's US children www.bbc.com

Chinese officials have defended their decision to bar three US citizens from leaving the country, saying they are suspected of "economic crimes".

Victor and Cynthia Liu, children of a fugitive businessman, and their mother, Sandra Han, have been detained since June, the New York Times reported.

The US Department of State confirmed to the BBC that they are in "close contact" with the adult Liu children.

Their father, Liu Changming, is wanted in a $1.4bn (£1bn) fraud case in China.

"As we understand it from the relevant authorities, these people you have mentioned all have legal and valid identity documents as Chinese citizens," Chinese foreign ministry spokesman Geng Shuang told reporters at a news conference, according to the Agence France-Presse.

"They are suspected of having committed economic crimes and have been restricted from leaving China by Chinese police."

The risks of dual citizenship
Analysis by Zhaoyin Feng, US Correspondent, BBC Chinese Service

Beijing has shown that it doesn't shy away from prosecuting dual citizenship holders and foreign passport holders with Chinese roots.

Lee Bo, a Hong Kong bookseller who also holds a British passport, was "first and foremost a Chinese citizen" when they detained him, according to China's foreign minister Wang Yi in 2016.

The Chinese police also held Lee's business partner, Chinese-born Swedish bookseller Gui Minhai. Gui and Lee had published books critical of the government.

China does not recognise dual citizenship, but it is relatively common for Chinese people to obtain foreign nationality without renouncing their Chinese citizenship.

The covert dual citizenship holders hold on to their Chinese identity cards and passports for various reasons ranging from getting access to Chinese welfare benefits to entering China conveniently.

Hong Kong passport holders can legally hold dual nationality, but in mainland China, Hong Kong citizens who have foreign passports are considered Chinese citizens, according to Chinese laws.

It is also worth noting that the Chinese foreign ministry's comment regarding Victor and Cynthia Liu's case was excluded from the daily press briefing transcript published on the ministry's website.

Questions considered sensitive to the Chinese government are sometimes omitted in the public transcripts, as a way for Beijing to downplay the issues and to limit the information spread out on domestic media platforms, which re-post the ministry's briefing transcripts.

A US Department of State official told the BBC in an emailed statement that they are "in close contact" with Mr and Ms Liu and are providing "all appropriate consular services".

While exit bans have often been imposed on Chinese-born foreigners, in this instance, Mr Liu is US-born. All three family members reportedly entered China on American passports.

Mr Liu, 19, and Ms Liu, 27, travelled with their mother to a tropical Chinese island this summer to visit their grandfather, according to the Times.

Days later, their mother - who is a Chinese-born US citizen - was detained by Chinese officials and allegedly taken to a "black jail" - a secretive detention centre.

Mr and Ms Liu have reportedly tried to leave the country three times and have been staying with an uncle.

They told the newspaper they are being held in order to lure their father, a former state-owned bank executive, back to face criminal fraud charges, though he reportedly cut ties with the family in 2012.

According to the China Daily paper, Mr Changming is one of the country's 100 most-wanted fugitives facing arrest for alleged corrupt practices. He fled China in 2007.

Ms Liu wrote to National Security Adviser John Bolton in August, saying her family was being held as "a crude form of human collateral" to bait someone they have no contact with, the Times reported.

In January, the US Department of State issued a travel advisory regarding exit bans in China, warning that they have been imposed "to compel US citizens to resolve business disputes, force settlement of court orders or facilitate government investigations".

"Individuals not involved in legal proceedings or suspected of wrongdoing have also been subjected to lengthy exit bans in order to compel their family members or colleagues to co-operate with Chinese courts or investigators."

Dual-citizenship is not allowed under Chinese law, and US officials cautioned that US-Chinese nationals can be detained and denied US assistance in the country.

Ms Han is a businesswoman with millions of dollars in real estate holdings, the Times reported, and Ms Liu is a consultant at McKinsey & Company.

Mr Liu is currently a sophomore at Georgetown University.

Massive blackout as Siberian snowstorm batters Mongolia www.news.mn

A snow storm from Siberia hit Mongolia at the weekend causing a massive power blackout across western parts of the country. Three people were injured and 1600 livestock were lost in the storm.

Mongolia: Petro Matad's Wild Horse-1 well in Block IV disappoints www.energy-pedia.com

Petro Matad, the AIM quoted Mongolian oil explorer, has provided a summary of the results from its Wild Horse-1 well and an operational update:

Wild Horse-1, Block IV

The Wild Horse-1 well, drilled in the Baatsagaan Basin within Petro Matad's 100% owned and operated Block IV, has reached total depth (TD) of 1,490 metres MD in granitic basement.

In line with the pre-drill prognosis, the well encountered interbedded sands and shales throughout the prospective section from 650 metres to TD but no oil shows were observed.

The first objective drilled in the well comprised a c.250 metre thick sequence of porous sands and interbedded claystones. Background drilling gases from C1 to C4 were observed in this interval and are believed to be of thermogenic origin. The prospectivity of this interval within other trap geometries in the basin will be evaluated as a priority.

At the second objective only thin sands were developed within an overall claystone interval containing both carbonaceous material and thin coals which may be indicative of the presence of potential source rock material in the well.

The third objective was not present due to the shallower than prognosed penetration of basement. Basement had been prognosed at a depth below 2,000 metres at the well location based on interpretation of high-resolution gravity and magnetic data. Wild Horse 1 provides the first well tie to the seismic database in Block IV and the seismic will now be reinterpreted to better understand the basement and basin configurations.

Post-well analyses will focus initially on determining the ages of the formations drilled and the reservoir and source rock potential. Further work on the surrounding prospectivity in the Baatsagaan Basin will depend upon the source rock potential and maturity that can be determined from these analyses. Elsewhere in Block IV, a number of other basins have been evaluated and the information provided by Wild Horse 1, particularly in terms of the ages of the formations present and their correlation with the proven productive basins to the south in northern China will help determine the next steps in exploring the area.

The Wild Horse 1 well will now be plugged and abandoned and the post well evaluation will commence. The rig and crew have operated well through the onset of winter in Mongolia and the 2018 drilling programme in Blocks IV and V has been completed within budget. The Company's current cash balance is more than $25 million and so the Company is fully funded for the 2019 drilling programme.

Planning for 2019 drilling programme

Block V

Work is progressing on the post-well evaluation of the Snow Leopard 1 well in Block V which provided good evidence of a working petroleum system in the Taats Basin. This work has high-graded a group of prospects on the southern flank of the basin which have significant resource potential and these are being worked up as potential candidates for 2019 drilling.

Meanwhile, the final drilling permits for the large Fox prospect are being secured. The Company continues technical work, incorporating the results of Snow Leopard 1 with existing seismic and other data and this work will determine the preferred drilling target and scheduling for 2019 drilling in Block V.

A number of bids have been received from contractors wishing to supply the rig and drilling services for Petro Matad's 2019 drilling programme. It is planned to complete contractual negotiations as soon as possible to give plenty of time to prepare for the commencement of drilling as early as possible in 2019 when the weather permits.

A three well programme is planned in Block XX focusing on near field exploration and appraisal drilling. The Gazelle 1 well, which is the first of the Company's lower risk exploration appraisal wells, is currently planned to spud early in the second quarter, weather permitting. Gazelle 1 will target a lookalike structure to Petro China's best producing field in Block XIX which is only 12 kms to the northeast. Red Deer 1, which is located in the southwest of Block XX and will target 48 MMbo of Prospective Resources, will be the second well. Seismic reprocessing and reinterpretation is underway to determine which of the prospects adjacent to the Petro China acreage will be the third well in the programme. Drilling permits are already in hand for all the northern prospects and permitting on Red Deer is well advanced with no expectation of any delays.

Unlike the frontier nature of the drilling in Blocks IV and V, the exploration targets in Block XX are located in basins that are either the continuation of proven producing areas or are adjacent to proven basins where the stratigraphy and the petroleum systems are well understood. Two of the high graded prospects in northern Block XX have actually been drilled and proven to be oil bearing across the lease line in Petro China's Block XIX. As such, the Block XX drilling campaign will focus on targets with good chances of success and with resource potential that offer excellent development economics and the possibility of rapid commercialisation in the event of success.

Mike Buck, CEO Petro Matad said:

'The Wild Horse 1 result is clearly disappointing but this was too big a structure to leave undrilled. We will use the data gathered to re-evaluate the Baatsagaan Basin and to look again at the prospectivity in the other basins in Block IV.

As we are fully-funded for the 2019 drilling programme, we are now in the process of identifying our priority targets. In Block V, our post-well analysis has highlighted three, four-way dip closed structures with large resource potential which we are working up to drillable status and we are also using Snow Leopard 1 data to calibrate the prospectivity in the neighbouring Tugrug Basin, including the high-graded Fox prospect.

Preparations for 2019 drilling operations in Block XX in the east of Mongolia, adjacent to the country's producing oil fields, are well advanced and will focus on near field and appraisal targets. We look forward to continuing our drilling campaign and to delivering success through the drill bit.'

Rio cuts Iran ties amid Mongolian sovereign risk www.afr.com

Rio Tinto will divest another contentious African asset as the company's leadership conceded its Mongolian copper venture was experiencing sovereign risk challenges and was complicating the company's shift away from fossil fuels.

Rio announced on Monday it would sell its 68.8 per cent stake in Namibia's Rossing uranium mine to China National Uranium Corporation for a sum that could range between $US6.5 million and $US106.5 million.

Rossing is the latest in a string of unwanted Rio assets to be divested, and recent experience suggests there is a strong chance the proceeds from the sale will be returned to shareholders just as the proceeds of Australian coal divestments have been in the past two years.

But the Rossing sale will also liberate Rio from a contentious governance issue given the investment arm of the Iranian government was a fellow shareholder in the Namibian mine.

The Iranian Foreign Investments Company owns 15.29 per cent of Rossing and while it has not had directors on the Rossing board nor purchased Rossing uranium in recent years, the relationship was uncomfortable for Rio in the context of sanctions imposed on Iran by western nations including the US.

Those sanctions were lifted to some degree in 2015 when Iran agreed with nations including the US, Germany, Russia and the UK, to reduce its nuclear capabilities, but the sanctions were reinforced this month by US President Donald Trump.

The sale continues the shrinking of Rio's presence in the developing world, which has been marred by scandals in Guinea and Mozambique.

Speaking in Sydney on Monday, Rio chairman Simon Thompson said those scandals had clearly "dented" Rio's reputation, while chief executive Jean-Sebastien Jacques was frank about challenges Rio was still facing in the developed world, including at the Oyu Tolgoi copper mine in Mongolia.

'We do have some challenges'
The relationship between Rio and Mongolia appears to have deteriorated in 2018 with Mongolia seeking changes to interest rates on loans, reviewing the 2009 investment agreement that governs Rio's investment in the mine, and changing the power supply rules that Rio must abide by.

Mr Jacques has traditionally expressed confidence that common sense will prevail in Mongolian politics despite the emotion surrounding the $US5.3 billion expansion of Oyu Tolgoi, which is widely viewed as a bellwether for foreign investment in the developing nation.

But on Monday Mr Jacques named Mongolia as one of two places Rio was seeing sovereign risk.

"We do have some challenges, we have sovereign risk challenges in our Minerals Sands businesses in Africa and in Mongolia," he said, during a presentation to civil society groups in Sydney.

Mongolia's decision to compel Rio to source Oyu Tolgoi's power from within Mongolia, rather than continuing to import power from neighbouring China, means the mine will almost certainly require a new coal-fired power station, with the Mongolian government keen for the station to built in the Tavan Tolgoi coalfield.

Mr Thompson described Oyu Tolgoi's likely reliance on coal-fired power as an "intractable problem" for a company that had sought to distance itself from fossil fuels by selling its coal mines.

"The decision to disinvest from fossil fuels was informed by our view on the supply and demand outlook for thermal coal and the opportunity that we saw to sell our coal assets for full value and to redeploy the capital into sectors where the outlook is better, in a carbon-constrained world," said Mr Thompson on Monday.

"We do face some intractable problems, including our reliance on coal-fired power in Mongolia and in South Africa. But in both cases, our operations clearly bring huge economic and social benefits, and play a major role in poverty alleviation in two relatively poor countries."

The Rossing sale comes barely two weeks after Rio netted $US576 million ($799 million) from the sale of a wharf and nearby land in the Canadian province of British Columbia.

Rio said the $US6.5 million was payable upon completion of the deal, and the total transaction cost could rise as high as $US106.5 million depending on uranium spot prices and the profitability of Rossing between now and 2025.

The transaction comes after a 44 per cent rally in uranium prices since April.

While still at very low levels by historic standards, the price rally has followed supply curtailments by Canadian producer Cameco and Kazakhstan's state-owned producer Kazatomprom, which floated a minority portion of its shares for the first time earlier this month in Astana and London.

The importance of Mongolia's boreal forests www.unenvironment.org

Every year as the sun warms and the days lengthen, 28-year-old Baganatsooj moves his herds to their summer pastures outside the town of Tunkhel in Mongolia’s far northern Selenge province—a nomadic lifestyle his ancestors have practiced for thousands of years.

The snow has melted, and Baganatsooj’s 300 sheep and goats, 40 cows, and 30 horses graze in the wide green valley. He heard through word of mouth that the rains have been good here, so, along with his wife Munkherdene and two children, travelled 50 kilometres with their livestock to their new home.

But it’s not just the weather that determines where the herder and his family set up their ger, or traditional yurt.

They also follow the forest. “Forests generate more water, and the grass is good there, so the animals graze at the edge of the forest,” Baganatsooj says. The trees also provide scraps of fuelwood and timber for temporary fences.

Life is changing for traditional herders—who make up a third of Mongolia’s total population—and for everyone else, too. In 1990, the country transitioned from socialism to a market economy, the new freedoms leading to a quadrupling in the number of livestock. Urbanization is also increasing—the population of the capital Ulaanbaatar has grown by 70 per cent since the 1990s.

More importantly for the herders, the weather is becoming less predictable. Baganatsooj has noticed changes even within his working life: “Ten years ago the grass was very good. Now it’s getting drier. Last year was the driest year in a long time and there was lots of fire.”

Average annual temperatures in Mongolia warmed 2.1 degrees Celsius between 1940 and 2014—around triple the global increase over the same period—and Mongolian tree-ring records indicate that the 20th century was one of the warmest centuries of the last 1,200 years.

Herd animals have been devastated by repeated dzuds, a local term for a peculiarly Mongolian natural disaster—a dry summer followed by a harsh winter. Drought affects grass growth, and less grass means livestock are unable to put on enough weight to survive the winter cold. The phenomenon used to occur around once a decade, but there have been at least seven dzuds since 1998. In the worst, in 2009-2010, nearly 10 million animals died.

Climatic changes are driving further migration, says Oyunsanaa Byambasuren, the General Director of the Department of Forest Policy and Coordination at the Mongolian Ministry of Environment and Tourism (MET).

Oyunsanaa and colleagues used tree-ring data to analyze the frequency of droughts over the past two millennia, and found that the recent dry spell is abnormal.

“We haven’t seen anything like it in the last 2,000 years—we did not have such a frequency of droughts. It is making people lose their livestock or their livelihoods, and they’re moving to the city or more central places in order to seek a better life – and once they move, they don’t go back. It’s scary, really. The forests and pastures are under pressure.”

“People who are 40 or 50 years old say, ‘when I was a child, the situation was very different.’ Now, it’s completely unpredictable. Climate change is happening right now.”

Boreal forests—dominated by larch, pine, and birch trees—line Mongolia’s northern border with Siberia, covering 14.2 million hectares, or nine per cent of this vast country.

They are part of a huge expanse of boreal forest—the world’s largest terrestrial biome—that stretches right across the earth’s northern latitudes. These forests are both intensely affected by climate change—recent studies have found that the hotter, drier summers inhibit tree growth in Mongolia’s forests—but they are also a possible, partial solution to it.

Wolves, bears, lynx, elk, deer and boars thrive here. Hawks, falcons and owls hunt from the skies, while pelicans, hooded cranes and numerous other birds spend part of the year in the nearby lakes.

The forests store large amounts of carbon and methane in both the plants and soils, and can help to increase water availability. They also prevent erosion on steep mountainsides and are a natural barrier against the encroaching desert. They are also a source of fuelwood, timber, nuts, berries and honey, and contribute to the livelihoods of rural people in diverse ways.

As temperatures climb, Mongolia’s permafrost is shrinking, too. Permafrost is ground, rock or soil that remains frozen for more than two years in a row. In Mongolia, it’s found across the country’s north, over much the same area as the forests.

That’s no coincidence—in arid regions, permafrost can increase the amount of moisture available in the ecosystem, says Yamkhin Jambaljav from the Institute of Geography-Geoecology at the Mongolian Academy of Sciences.

To measure the extent of Mongolia’s permafrost, Jambaljav and his team covered 24,000 kilometres over several years, as they criss-crossed the country. They drilled 120 holes of up to 15 metres into the frozen ground to measure the temperatures beneath.

They found that five per cent of Mongolia’s permafrost—13,150 square kilometres—had thawed completely between 1971 and 2015. In 1971, temperatures were low enough to support some form of permafrost in 63 per cent of the country. By 2015, that had fallen to just 29.3 per cent.

The thaw is caused by climate change—but also amplifies it. Plants and animals have been living and dying in the boreal region for thousands of years. Where the ground is frozen, it prevents their remains from decaying, storing the carbon in the soil and keeping it out of the atmosphere. But if the soil thaws, microbes decompose the ancient carbon and release methane and carbon dioxide.

It’s estimated that the Northern Hemisphere’s frozen soils and peatlands hold about 1,700 billion tonnes of carbon—four times more than humans have emitted since the industrial revolution, and twice as much as is currently in the atmosphere.

In 2011, scientists from the Permafrost Carbon Network estimated that if they thaw, that would release around the same quantity of carbon as global deforestation does—but because permafrost emissions also include significant amounts of methane, the overall effect on the climate could be 2.5 times larger.

So what can be done? According to Werner Kurz, an ecologist at Canada’s Pacific Forestry Centre in British Columbia and a contributing researcher to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), two things have to happen at the same time if we’re to avoid runaway climate change, and meet the goals of the 2015 UN Paris Agreement.

“We cannot do that without simultaneously massive reductions in fossil fuel consumption and managing the land in such a way to contribute the greatest possible sink—so that it keeps sucking carbon dioxide out of the atmosphere but also provides a continuous supply of timber, fiber and energy to meet society’s demands.”

That means preventing forests from becoming farmland or desert, fighting the fires and insects, and encouraging local people’s involvement in protecting their forests.

Mongolia has taken up the challenge. Alongside other efforts by the national government, the country is also the first outside the tropics to begin preparing for REDD+, an international climate change mitigation scheme under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) that aims to assist developing countries to protect their forests and the carbon stores within them.

Although Mongolia’s UN-REDD National Programme will come to a close this year, the country’s REDD+ implementation will forge ahead. “National ownership of this programme is important,” says Zamba Batjargal, Mongolia’s National Focal Point for the UNFCCC at the Ministry for Environment and Tourism. “I believe that the UN-REDD Programme will leave a good legacy and continue without any outside support. We have made big strides for our forests and we will continue forward.”

China-backed coal projects prompt climate change fears www.bbc.com

As levels of greenhouse gases reach a new record, concerns are growing about the role of China in global warming.

For years, the increase in the number of Chinese coal-fired power stations has been criticised.

Now environmental groups say China is also backing dozens of coal projects far beyond its borders.

Coal is the most damaging of the fossil fuels because of the quantity of carbon dioxide it releases when it's burned.

Last year, the concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere reached its highest level for the past 3-5 million years, according to the latest research by the UN's weather agency, the World Meteorological Organisation (WMO).

And last month the UN's climate science panel said that coal must be phased out by 2050 if the world is to have any chance of limiting the rise in temperatures.

The Chinese-supported coal projects are under way or planned as far afield as South America, Africa, southeast Asia and the Balkans.

Contracts and financing for these facilities are often not fully transparent but campaign groups including Bankwatch have tried to keep track.

"You cannot be a world leader in curbing air pollution and at the same time the world's biggest financier of overseas coal power plants," the group's energy coordinator Ioana Ciuta told the BBC.

According to Ms Ciuta, efforts to tackle the dirty air of Chinese cities have led many power companies to limit their ambitions for coal-fired power stations in China itself and to target their technology and labour overseas instead.

"By having China invest in over 60 countries along the Belt and Road Initiative, it's perpetuating a source of pollution that has been demonstrated to be harmful not just to the climate but also to economies," she said.

No carbon capture
In Serbia, one of the country's largest coal-fired power stations is being expanded with the help of a loan from a Chinese bank and with the work being led by one of China's largest construction companies.

An hour's drive east of the capital Belgrade, in the coal-rich Danube valley, construction has already started at the site, known as Kostolac B3.

An existing power station towers over the rolling landscape, a steady stream of pollution twisting from a massive smokestack, and conveyor belts ferry coal from a nearby open-cast mine at Drmno.

The power station is run by the national Serbian electricity company, EPS, which provides about 70% of the country's power by burning coal - the rest comes from hydro-electric schemes.

Now, under a $715m (£560m) contract agreed by the Serbian government and Chinese President Xi Jinping, an extra unit is being added, which will bring 350MW of additional capacity with the latest "super-critical" technology.

When we visit, we catch a brief glimpse of a group of Chinese workers wearing hard hats on their way from the construction site to a vast set of accommodation blocks - by next year, some 1,500 Chinese staff will be here.

Safety signs and notice boards are written in Serbian and Chinese. Equipment and shipping containers carry Chinese labels.

I ask the EPS official running the project, Zeljko Lazovic, what he feels about such a large and important venture being in the hands of Chinese engineers and workers.

"In the next few months a lot of Chinese will come here and this will be a big challenge," he says.

"With Chinese workers and Serbian workers, at the beginning we had some cultural problems but we have overcome them and there is now very good cooperation."

Efforts to tackle pollution in Chinese cities such as Beijing have pushed Chinese power companies to look overseas
When asked about the environmental cost of the new project, Mr Lazovic insisted it would meet all the EU's standards on pollution by dust, nitrogen dioxide and sulphur.

However, the new unit will not be fitted with any carbon capture technology so it will fit into a pattern of Chinese-backed projects that will add to carbon dioxide levels in the atmosphere.

'Locked into high emissions'
Christine Shearer is an analyst with the group CoalSwarm, which tracks coal developments, and she is scathing about the implications.

"These projects are not compatible with limiting global warming to 1.5C or 2C," she said, referring to the two targets of the Paris Agreement on climate change.

She says that Chinese financial institutions are filling a gap left by Western banks and agencies deciding to limit their involvement in coal.

"These projects, if completed, will lock the countries into high carbon-emitting infrastructure and volatile coal imports precisely at a time when prices for clean energy are starting to fall below that of coal power."

We tried to contact the Export-Import Bank of China, which is providing the loan, and the China Machinery Engineering Corporation, which is leading the construction, but did not hear back.

For the Serbian power company, EPS, the attraction of a local supply of coal has combined with a cheap Chinese loan and the prospects of valuable exports of electricity.

Respiratory diseases
About 3,500 jobs depend on the Kostolac complex but some local people have become increasingly outspoken about the pollution in the area.

Momir Savic showed me how the conveyor belts carrying coal run close to the villages and he fears a further expansion of the operation.

"The quality of our air and water is very poor. We cannot grow fruit and vegetables. There is also a lot of noise. All this affects the health of people living here, many of whom have respiratory diseases," he said.

EPS says it is spending hundreds of millions of euros on environmental protection but its track record clearly does not inspire trust.

Pera Markovic, a lawyer with Cekor, an environmental group, is critical of the company's failure to limit pollution in the local area.

But he concedes that Serbia is heavily dependent on coal for its power.

For how long? "Decades," Mr Markovic says.

That's likely to be the same in many other countries too, whatever climate scientists say is needed.